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A product, service, or technique that decreases the severity of an event or condition.

“Detects concealed information stored in the brain by measuring brainwaves…

BF does not detect lies, stress, or emotion. BF computes a determination of “information present” or “information absent” and a statistical confidence for each individual determination. Laboratory and field tests at the FBI, CIA, US Navy and elsewhere have resulted in 0% errors: no false positives and no false negatives. 100% of determinations made were correct. 3% of results have been “indeterminate.” BF has been applied in criminal cases and ruled admissible in court,” (Farwell LA. Brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials. Cogn Neurodyn. 2012 Apr;6(2):115-54. doi: 10.1007/s11571-012-9192-2. Epub 2012 Feb 17. PMID: 23542949; PMCID: PMC3311838).

Popularized by contemporary psychiatrist, Dr. Daniel Amen, brain health is described as the physical functioning of the brain that creates the mind, emphasizing that a healthy brain is necessary for a healthy mind. Dr. Amen reports assessing brain health can be achieved through four main areas: 1) biological (physical brain health), 2) psychological (mindset), 3) social (relationships), and 4) spiritual (finding meaning). He also popularized SPECT (Single- photon emission computed tomography), a 3D nuclear medicine technology that utilizes injected radioactive tracers and gamma cameras to discern blood flow and function in tissue including the brain. Through visualizing blood flow and activity, Dr. Amen addressed mental illness as both biological and psychological. (Amen, D. [DrDanielAmen]. (2024). Brain health: The Four Circles approach to mental wellness[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v).

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A technology that allows communication between the brain and devices external to the body (Military Medical Research, 2025).

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology allows an individual to control an external device using brain signals. (U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2022, September). Science & tech spotlight: Brain-computer interfaces. Science, Technology Assessment, and Analytics. https://www.gao.gov).

Cognitive Battlespace/Terrain is a war for information, as it is transformed into knowledge via the process of cognition. The goal is to change the way people think for the purpose of benefiting someone else.

(Flynn, M. (Ret.), & Cutler, B. (2022). Introduction to 5GW: The citizen's guide to fifth generation warfare. Boone Cutler Media Enterprise, LLC).

Cognitive warfare is a form of non-kinetic conflict that targets the human mind rather than just physical infrastructure. A critical element of modern, unrestricted warfare where social media, information technologies, and psychology are weaponized to manipulate public perception, thought processes, and decision-making (Flynn and Cutler, 2022). It utilizes neurobiological as well as social sciences to influence how people think. Components of cognitive warfare include:

The Mind as the Battlefield: The primary objective is to change not just what people think, but how they think and act, aimed at eroding trust, creating confusion, and inducing disorder.

Information as a Weapon: Social media platforms and digital information are used to influence, manipulate, and destabilize, blurring the lines between military and civilian spheres.

Fifth Generation Warfare (5GW): Flynn describes this as a shift from traditional battles (1st–3rd Gen) to a form of war where non-state actors, ideological extremists, and decentralized networks use psychological operations, cyberattacks, and media manipulation to achieve strategic advantages, often without firing a shot.

Goal of Subversion: It seeks to weaken opponents from within by exploiting psychological vulnerabilities, creating divisions, and spreading disinformation to destabilize societies.

(Flynn, M. (Ret.), & Cutler, B. (2022). Introduction to 5GW: The citizen's guide to fifth generation warfare. Boone Cutler Media Enterprise, LLC). (Strauss Center: National security challenges – Insights from social, neurobiological, and complexity sciences. Topical Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment (SMA) and U.S. Army ERDC multi-agency/multi-disciplinary white papers in support of national security challenges. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil).

Weapons using energy fired at the speed of light. Weapon utilization can have a range of impact from deterrent, damaging, or destructive. Utilization of concentrated electromagnetic energy is employed and weapons range from high energy lasers and other electromagnetics including millimeter wave and high-power microwave weapons. (U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2023, May 25). Science & tech spotlight: Directed energy weapons(GAO-23-106717). https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-106717).

“Drone-enabled intrusion refers to the unauthorized use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to compromise the physical security, privacy, or network integrity of a targeted area or system. This type of breach is three-dimensional, allowing intruders to bypass traditional ground-based security, … to conduct surveillance, data collection, or, in some cases, facilitate cyberattacks on surrounding infrastructure.” (AI from Wilbur. (2023). Protecting critical infrastructure. ScienceDirect.https://www.sciencedirect.com).

“Equipped with advanced technologies such as high-resolution cameras and artificial intelligence, … drones operate with minimal human intervention. Drones can inadvertently or deliberately capture images and data of individuals in private settings without their knowledge or consent. Such intrusions can lead to a sense of surveillance and erode public trust in technology. The psychological impact, which may be referred to as “drone anxiety,” reflects the societal unease with pervasive surveillance capabilities,” Quadri, I. (2025, January 23). (Quadri, 2025. The impact of autonomous drones on privacy and security (Social Justice Policy Brief #171). U.S. Resist News. https://www.usresistnews.org).

“Drones paired with smartphones also facilitate harassment, stalking, surveillance and other forms of harm…consumer drones … in the hands of bad actors and criminals, … From flying drones in proximity to manned aircraft, using drones to transport contraband into prisons, and the weaponisation of drones in attempts to harass and harm ex-partners…requires perspectives …on domestic drone incidents and harms,” (Hooper and Jackman, 2024).

(Hooper, L., & Jackman, A. (2024, June 10). Domestic drone harms. Counsel Magazine. https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk).

Online harassment is described as a wide range of targeted behaviors online perpetuated to scare, intimidate, threaten, or harm. Online harassment can target – or come from – a group or individual, and it might be ongoing and sustained over long periods. (Stanford University. (n.d.). Share Title IX and Title VI office digital safety: Electronic and online harassment. Stanford University. https://titleix.stanford.edu).

Illegal use of any interactive computer service or electronic communication service to conduct activity that places a person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury, or that causes or could cause substantial emotional distress. Actions must be intentional. (Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2018, October 30). Cyberstalking. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/news).

High-Power Microwave (HPM) or Radio Frequency (RF) directed energy devices designed to emit pulsed, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation to affect biological tissues or electronic systems.

Traits associated with these weapons include:

· Mechanism of Action: These weapons utilize high-peak power bursts of narrow-band radiofrequency energy, typically in the range of 1–100 GHz, to induce thermal or non-thermal effects in human tissue.

· The Frey Effect (Microwave Auditory Effect): A specific type of interaction where brief, intense pulses of RF energy induce auditory sensations (clicks or buzzing) by creating thermoelastic waves in the human head.

· Non-Thermal Effects: Research indicates that pulsed high-power RF can cause structural or functional damage to the brain without necessary increases in temperature, bypassing some traditional safety guidelines.

· Applications: Described as tools for military and civil purposes to incapacitate targets, cause dizziness, or damage electronic hardware.

· Associated Symptoms: Studies investigating "Havana Syndrome" have hypothesized a link to HPM, with reported symptoms including neurological damage, headache, and cognitive impairment

National Center for Biotechnology Information, & Defence Science and Technology Group. (2026). Artificial intelligence.

“High-power sub-millisecond radio frequency energy pulses have been demonstrated to be able to induce neurological and neuropathological changes in the brain,” (Yaghmazadeh,2024). (Yaghmazadeh O. Pulsed High-Power Radio Frequency Energy Can Cause Non-Thermal Harmful Effects on the BRAIN. IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol. 2024 Jan 17;5:50-53. doi: 10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3355301. PMID: 38445243; PMCID: PMC10914144).

Deruelle (2024), reported, “ (1) Since their emergence, the authorities have deployed and encouraged the use of wireless technologies (2G, 3G, 4G, WiFi, WiMAX, DECT, Bluetooth, cell phone towers/masts/base stations, small cells, etc.) in full awareness of their harmful effects on health. (2) Consequences of microwave radiation from communication networks are comparable to the effects of low-power directed-energy microwave weapons, whose objectives include behavioral modification through neurological (brain) targeting. Above 20 gigahertz, 5G behaves like an unconventional chemical weapon. (3) Biomedical engineering (via graphene-based nanomaterials) will enable brain-computer connections, linked wirelessly to the Internet of Everything through 5G and 6G networks (2030) and artificial intelligence, gradually leading to human-machine fusion (cyborg) before the 2050s,”

Deruelle F. Microwave radiofrequencies, 5G, 6G, graphene nanomaterials: Technologies used in neurological warfare. Surg Neurol Int. 2024 Nov 29;15:439. doi: 10.25259/SNI_731_2024. PMID: 39640342; PMCID: PMC11618680

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Through analysis of geographical, temporal, and social aspects of criminal activities, the FBI connects data points (such as satellite imagery, mobile phone data, and case records) to identify suspects and patterns.

The FBI utilizes geospatial analysis—specifically Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)—as a tool for investigating, mapping, and preventing crime. By analyzing the geographical, temporal, and social aspects of criminal activities, the FBI connects data points (such as satellite imagery, mobile phone data, and case records) to identify suspects and patterns.

Key aspects of the FBI's use of geospatial analysis include:

• Intelligence and Investigations: The FBI leverages GIS to visualize data across FBI security networks, enabling tactical, strategic, and administrative analysis. It helps in locating suspects, missing individuals, and investigating cybercrime and theft.

• Geospatial Technologies: The FBI uses advanced GIS tools, including Esri's ArcGIS and specialized tools for "Hot Spot Analysis" (identifying high-crime areas). In September 2023, the FBI Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO) signed a $34M contract with Esri for geospatial technology, highlighting the increasing importance of this capability.

• Case Support (GIS/GEOINT): The FBI uses tools like ArcGIS AllSource and ArcGIS Knowledge to conduct spatial, temporal, and relational analyses of data, including graph and big data, to uncover relationships between people, places, and events.

• Predictive Policing: The FBI uses geospatial data to identify trends, such as "near-repeat" crimes, and to forecast potential future incidents.

• Applications of FBI Geospatial Analysis

• Hot Spot Analysis: Identifying localized areas with above-average criminal activity to focus resources.

• Journey-to-Crime Analysis: Estimating where a serial offender lives based on the locations of their crimes.

• Link Analysis: Mapping relationships between individuals, such as in gang, terrorist, or fraud investigations.

• Criminal Intelligence (GEOINT): Analyzing publicly available data and imagery to support counterintelligence and cyber investigations.

• Data Visualization: The FBI's "Crime Data Explorer" acts as a digital portal for UCR data, often used in conjunction with mapping.

(System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Geographic Information Systems and Predictive Policing Application Note, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, August 2013 Prepared by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Atlantic).