The bioethics field that addresses challenges resulting from the development of the neurosciences. This is crucial as, “it involves the brain, the organ responsible for our perceptions, our thoughts, and our conscience; and its knowledge and/or manipulation entail the most genuine and nontransferable aspects of the human being,” (Rabadan, 2015). (Rabadán AT. Neuroethics scope at a glance. Surg Neurol Int. 2015 Dec 7;6:183. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.171249. PMID: 26677417; PMCID: PMC4681131.)

A therapeutic intervention which utilizes brain computer interface (BCI) technology to train individuals to regulate their brain activity. A sensor monitors brainwave activity in real time, and a decoder interprets the data. This information is transmitted back to the individual through an effector, prompting them to modify specific patterns. By a feedback driven process, which utilizes both behavioral modification and learning, the individual learns to self-regulate their brain functioning and central nervous system (ISNR, 2025).

Intersection of law and neuroscience (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs; Committee on Science, Technology, and Law; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy, 2018).

Brain imaging includes noninvasive techniques that enable visualization and measurement of the brain’s structure and function without physical incision and includes MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Computed Tomography (CT), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan. (Lenartowicz, A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2010). (Introduction to brain imaging in neuroscience. In Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience (pp. 187–193). ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com).

Brainjacking Unauthorized control of brain implants. The most common type of brain implant is the deep brain stimulation (DBS) system. Consisting of implanted electrodes positioned … inside the brain connected to wires running under the skin, which carry signals from an implanted stimulator. The stimulator consists of a battery, a small processor, and a wireless communication antenna that allows doctors to program it… it functions much like a cardiac pacemaker, … the main distinction being that it directly interfaces with the brain. Precision control of brain regions together with wireless control of stimulators allows nefarious actors to potentially manipulate behavioral changes. (Pycroft, L. (2016). Brainjacking – A new cyber-security threat. The Conversation. University of Oxford research).